For CPP basics, click the following link
http://www.tutorialspoint.com/cplusplus/cpp_basic_syntax.htm
http://www.tutorialspoint.com/cplusplus/cpp_basic_syntax.htm
Tuesday, 30 September 2014
Computer Fundamentals
For computer Fundamentals, click the below link
http://www.tutorialspoint.com/computer_fundamentals/computer_quick_guide.htm
Monday, 29 September 2014
Saturday, 27 September 2014
BCD CODES
Click the following link for BCD Codes
http://academic.evergreen.edu/projects/biophysics/technotes/program/bcd.htm
For BCD addition click the following link
http://www.electrical4u.com/bcd-or-binary-coded-decimal-bcd-conversion-addition-subtraction/
Weighted & Non-weighted codes
Weighted
Codes
Weighted binary codes are
those binary codes which obey the positional weight principle. Each position of
the number represents a specific weight. Several systems of the codes are used
to express the decimal digits 0 through 9. In these codes each decimal digit is
represented by a group of four bits.
Non-Weighted
Codes
In this type of binary codes,
the positional weights are not assigned. The examples of non-weighted codes are
Excess-3 code and Gray code.
EXCESS-3 CODE
The Excess-3 code is also
called as XS-3 code. It is non-weighted code used to express decimal numbers.
The Excess-3 code words are derived from the 8421 BCD code words adding (0011)2
or (3)10 to each code word in 8421. The excess-3 codes are obtained as follows
Example
GRAY CODE
It is the non-weighted code
and it is not arithmetic codes. That means there are no specific weights
assigned to the bit position. It has a very special feature that has only one
bit will change, each time the decimal number is incremented as shown in fig.
As only one bit changes at a time, the gray code is called as a unit distance
code. The gray code is a cyclic code. Gray code cannot be used for arithmetic
operation.
APPLICATION OF GRAY CODE
·
Gray code is popularly used in the shaft position encoders.
·
A shaft position encoder produces a code word which represents the
angular position of the shaft.
BINARY CODES
BINARY CODES :
Computer work
with binary numbers, we work with decimal number.
A code is needed
to represent decimal numbers as binary numbers.
The digital data is
represented, stored and transmitted as group of binary digits(bits)
The group of bits
are also known as binary codes.
Binary code can be
classified as numeric codes and alphanumeric codes.
Numeric codes are
used to represented numeric information, i.e, only numbers.
Alpha numeric
codes are used to represent alpha numeric information i.e , letters of the
alphabet and decimal number.
Classification of Binary codes:-
The different
binary codes can be classified as
1.Weighted
codes
2.Non-weighted
codes
3.Reflective
codes
4.Sequential
codes
5.Alpha
numeric codes
6.Error correction &Detection codes
1.Weighted
codes:-
In
weighted codes, each digit position of the number represents a specific weight.
Examples
for weighted codes are:
Binary, Octal,
Decimal, Hexadecimal and BCD(8-4-2-1)codes.
ü
Binary code is a weighted code. The LSB in the
binary code has a weight of 1, next digit has a
weight of 2, next digit has a
weight of 4 and next digit has a weight of 8.
Ex:
1 0 1 0
ü
Octal code is also weighted code. Starting from
LSB the weights of different digits are 1,8,64,512..etc
Ex:
2 4 1 3
ü
Decimal code is also weighted code Starting from
LSB the weights of different digits are 1,10,100,1000.
Ex: 5 2 4 1
ü
Hexadecimal code is also weighted code. Starting
from LSB the weights of different digits are 1,16,256..etc.
Ex: 2 3 c
ü
BCD(8-4-2-1) is also a weighted code . Starting
from LSB the weights of different digits are 1,2,4,8.
ü
The codes 8421,2421,5211 are weighted codes.
2.Non-Weighted Codes:-
Non-weighted codes are not assign with any weight to each digit position
. Each position with the number does
not have any fixed weight.
Ex:
Excess-3 codes and Gray
codes are non weighted codes.
3.Reflective Codes:-
A code is reflective if the code for 9 is the complement of code
for zero, 8 for 1,7 for 2, 6 for 3 and 5
for 4. 2421,5211,excess-3 are reflective codes.
However
8421 code is not reflective.
4.Sequential Codes:-
A code is
sequential when each succeeding code is one binary number greater than its
preceding code. This property is useful in mathematical manipulation of data.
Ex: 8421,
excess-3 are sequential codes.
Advantages
of Binary Code
Advantages
of Binary Code
Following is the list of
advantages that binary code offers.
·
Binary codes are suitable for the computer applications.
·
Binary codes are suitable for the digital communications.
·
Binary codes make the analysis and designing of digital circuits
if we use the binary codes.
·
Since only 0 & 1 are being used, implementation becomes easy.
Attendance on 27-09-2014 for CSE-A & B
Attendance on 27-09-2014 for CSE-A
Class - 2Hrs
Absentees :23, 25, 31, 41, 42,48, 52, 53
Attendance on 27-09-2014 for CSE-B
Class - 1Hr
Absentees : 67, 71, 73, 77, 79, 81, 85, 89, 98, 99, A9, B2, B3, B4, B5, B9, LE-03
Class - 2Hrs
Absentees :23, 25, 31, 41, 42,48, 52, 53
Attendance on 27-09-2014 for CSE-B
Class - 1Hr
Absentees : 67, 71, 73, 77, 79, 81, 85, 89, 98, 99, A9, B2, B3, B4, B5, B9, LE-03
Friday, 26 September 2014
Attendance on 26-09-2014 for CSE-A & B
Attendance on 26-09-2014 for CSE-A
Class
Absentees: 6, 8, 25, 31, 43, 44, 53
Attendance on 26-09-2014 for CSE-B
Class
Absentees: 62, 65, 79, 93, 99, A1, A2, B1, B2, B4, B9, LE-03
Class
Absentees: 6, 8, 25, 31, 43, 44, 53
Attendance on 26-09-2014 for CSE-B
Class
Absentees: 62, 65, 79, 93, 99, A1, A2, B1, B2, B4, B9, LE-03
Thursday, 25 September 2014
Implement all the logic gates using UNIVERSAL GATES- NAND & NOR
EXPERIMENT:
2 Verification of all gates using UNIVERSAL GATES
AIM:- (a). To study and
verify the all logic gates using UNIVERSAL Gate NAND.
LEARNING
OBJECTIVE:-
Identify NAND ICs and their specification.
COMPONENTS
REQUIRED:-
Logic gates (IC)
trainer kit.
Connecting patch
chords or wires.
IC 7400
THEORY:
NAND gate is actually
a combination of two logic gates: AND gate followed by NOT gate. So its output
is complement of the output of an AND gate.
This gate can have
minimum two inputs, output is always one. By using only NAND gates, we can
realize all logic functions: AND, OR, NOT, X-OR, X-NOR, NOR. So this gate is
also called universal gate.
(1). NAND gates as NOT gate
A NOT produces complement of the
input. It can have only one input, tie the inputs of a NAND gate together. Now
it will work as a NOT gate. Its output is
Y = (A.A)’
=> Y
= (A)’
(2). NAND
gates as AND gate
A NAND
produces complement of AND gate. So, if the output of a NAND gate is inverted,
overall output will be that of an AND gate.
Y
= ((A.B)’)’
=> Y
= (A.B)
(3). NAND gates as OR
gate
From De-Morgan’s
theorems: (A.B)’ = A’ + B’
=> (A’.B’)’
= A’’ + B’’ = A + B
So, give
the inverted inputs to a NAND gate, obtain OR operation at output.
(4). NAND
gates as X-OR gate
The
output of a two input X-OR gate is shown by: Y = A’B + AB’. This can be
achieved with the logic diagram shown in the left side.
Gate
No. Inputs Output
1 A,
B (AB)’
2 A,
(AB)’ (A
(AB)’)’
3 (AB)’,
B (B
(AB)’)’
4 (A
(AB)’)’, (B (AB)’)’ A’B + AB’
Now the
output from gate no. 4 is the overall output of the configuration.
Y = ((A
(AB)’)’ (B (AB)’)’)’
= (A(AB)’)’’
+ (B(AB)’)’’
= (A(AB)’)
+ (B(AB)’)
= (A(A’
+ B)’) + (B(A’ + B’))
= (AA’
+ AB’) + (BA’ + BB’)
= (
0 + AB’ + BA’ + 0 )
= AB’
+ BA’
=> Y = AB’
+ A’B
(5). NAND gates as NOR gate
A NOR
gate is an OR gate followed by NOT gate. So connect the output of OR gate to a
NOT gate, overall output is that of a NOR gate.
Y
= (A + B)’
Procedure:
- Connect the trainer
kit to ac power supply.
- Connect the NAND gates
for any of the logic functions to be realized.
- Connect the inputs of
first stage to logic sources and output of the last gate to logic
indicator.
- Apply various input
combinations and observe output for each one.
- Verify the truth table
for each input/ output combination.
- Repeat the process for
all logic functions.
- Switch off the ac
power supply.
RESULT:
AIM:- (b). To study and
verify the all logic gates using UNIVERSAL Gate NOR.
LEARNING
OBJECTIVE:-
Identify NOR ICs and their specification.
COMPONENTS
REQUIRED:-
Logic gates (IC)
trainer kit.
Connecting patch
chords or wires.
IC 7402
Theory:
NOR gate
is actually a combination of two logic gates: OR gate followed by NOT gate. So
its output is complement of the output of an OR gate.
This gate
can have minimum two inputs, output is always one. By using only NOR gates, we
can realize all logic functions: AND, OR, NOT, X-OR, X-NOR, NAND. So this gate
is also called universal gate.
(1). NOR gates as NOT gate
A NOT
produces complement of the input. It can have only one input, tie the inputs of
a NOR gate together. Now it will work as a NOT gate. Its output is
Y = (A+A)’
=> Y = (A)’
(2).NOR
gates as OR gate
A NOR
produces complement of OR gate. So, if the output of a NOR gate is inverted,
overall output will be that of an OR gate.
Y
= ((A+B)’)’
=> Y
= (A+B)
(3). NOR
gates as AND gate
From De-Morgan’s
theorems: (A+B)’ = A’B’
=> (A’+B’)’
= A’’B’’ = AB
So, give
the inverted inputs to a NOR gate, obtain AND operation at output.
(4).
NOR gates as X-NOR gate
The
output of a two input X-NOR gate is shown by: Y = AB + A’B’. This can be achieved
with the logic diagram shown in the left side.
Gate
No. Inputs Output
1 A,
B (A
+ B)’
2 A,
(A +
B)’ (A
+ (A+B)’)’
3 (A
+ B)’,
B (B
+ (A+B)’)’
4 (A
+ (A + B)’)’, (B +
(A+B)’)’ AB
+ A’B’
Now the
ouput from gate no. 4is the overall output of the configuration.
Y = ((A
+ (A+B)’)’ (B +( A+B)’)’)’
= (A+(A+B)’)’’.(B+(A+B)’)’’
= (A+(A+B)’).(B+(A+B)’)
= (A+A’B’).(B+A’B’)
= (A
+ A’).(A + B’).(B+A’)(B+B’)
= 1.(A+B’).(B+A’).1
= (A+B’).(B+A’)
= A.(B
+ A’) +B’.(B+A’)
= AB
+ AA’ +B’B+B’A’
= AB
+ 0 + 0 + B’A’
= AB
+ B’A’
=> Y = AB
+ A’B’
(5). NOR
gates as NAND gate
A NAND
gate is an AND gate followed by NOT gate. So connect the output of AND gate to
a NOT gate, overall output is that of a NAND gate.
Y
= (AB)’
Procedure:
- Connect the trainer
kit to ac power supply.
- Connect the NOR gates
for any of the logic functions to be realized.
- Connect the inputs of
first stage to logic sources and output of the last gate to logic
indicator.
- Apply various input
combinations and observe output for each one.
- Verify the truth table
for each input/ output combination.
- Repeat the process for
all logic functions.
- Switch off the ac
power supply.
Precautions:
·
All IC’s must be checked before start the
experiment.
·
All connections should made and tight.
·
While making connections main voltage should
be kept switch off.
·
The circuit should be OFF before change the
connection.
RESULT: -
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